In an ideal road structure, the modulus of the materials in the pavement layers should decrease from top to bottom. This is because the closer the material is to the surface; the greater will be the stress caused by the wheel load. A stiffer material will spread the load better over the layer below. This will reduce the stresses and strains in the lower layer and permit materials with a lower modulus to be used. The ratio between the moduli values of the two layers should not be too high however as horizontal tensile forces could be created in the base of the upper layer. The layer thickness and the modulus of a layer will affect the bearing capacity of the layers on top of it rather than the bearing capacity of the layers below. Thus, the bearing capacity at the top of the pavement structure will be determined by the properties of the subgrade and each of the individual structural layers in the road. So when designing a road structure, it has to be ensured that the stresses and strains in every structural layer and on the subgrade are well below their critical limits.
Activity 2.3 1 stress strain calculations answer key
Stress strain calculations
Strain gage calculations
How to Calculate Tensile Strain
Tensile strain is calculated from experimental data. Consider a 2 m-long iron rod. Tensile force acting on the rod elongates it by 0. 02 m, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: Tensile Strain Calculation
C. Elastic Strain Energy
Within elastic limit, when an object has its shape changed due to force acting on it, the object can do work as it returns to its original shape when the force is removed. Energy is stored in the form of potential energy when it is strained. This form of energy is called elastic strain energy. How to Calculate Elastic Strain Energy
Elastic strain energy can be calculated from a graph of force (F) against extension (e). Elastic strain energy is represented by the area under the line as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3: Elastic strain energy
D. Breaking Stress
Breaking stress of a material is the tensile stress at which the material breaks. It is also called the tensile strength of the material. Figure 4 shows the breaking stress on a stress against strain graph.
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